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What is Adverb?

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ADVERBS

Adverbs are words that modify a verb, an adjective, and another adverb, or entire sentences by providing additional information about how, when, where, or to what extent something happens.
  • The teacher carefully graded the homework.
Carefully is an adverb that modifies the action verb to grade.
  • Tommy was extremely enthusiastic about doing his homework.
Extremely is an adverb that modifies the adjective enthusiastic.
  • Yan Ko ran out of the classroom very quickly.
Very is an adverb that modifies the adverb quickly.

MORPHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

In morphology, adverbs can be classified based on how they are formed:
  • Simple Adverbs
Adverbs that consist of a single morpheme and are not derived from other words.
Examples:
"Fast" 
She runs fast.
"Here"
Come here.
"Now"
Start now.
  • Derived Adverbs
Adverbs that are formed by adding a suffix, usually "-ly," to an adjective or another base word.
Examples:
"Quickly" (from "quick")
She completed the task quickly.
"Happily" (from "happy") 
They lived happily ever after.
"Carefully" (from "careful") 
He carefully opened the package.
  • Compound Adverbs
Adverbs that are formed by combining two words, sometimes with a hyphen.
Examples:
"Anyhow" (from "any" + "how") 
Do it anyhow you like.
"Somewhere" (from "some" + "where")
I left my keys somewhere.
"Sometimes" (from "some" + "times")
I sometimes go for a walk in the evening.

SYNTACTIC PERSPECTIVE

In syntax, adverbs are classified based on their function within a sentence:
  • Adverb of Place
Adverbs of place tell us where something happens. Adverbs of place are usually placed after the main verb or after the clause that they modify.
Example:
They will live there.
The lady will come here.

  • Adverb of Time
Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often.
Example:
She must join our program now.
He has already eaten the food.
Tomorrow they must come to our meeting.
  • Intensifying adverb
Intensify means “make stronger, bigger, more."
Example:
She is extremely beautiful.
This is not exactly right.
They are quite noisy.
  • Conjunctive Adverb
A conjunctive adverb connects two independent clauses or sentences. 
Example:
You help me; otherwise, i would not finish the task.
  • Interrogative Adverbs
The interrogative adverbs why, where, how, & when are placed at the beginning of a question.
Example:
When will you come to my house?
How do you come here?
Where do you live?
  • Exclamatory adverbs
These adverbs express the feelings associated with the action.
Example:
How smart the teacher is!
How fast he runs!
  • Adverb of Manner
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed either after the main verb or after the object.
Example:
He runs quickly.
The teacher teaches his students patiently.
The students study Mathematics hard.
  • Relative Adverbs 
Relative adverbs introduce dependent clauses. They are: When, Where, Why
Example:
The students will visit the museum where my brother works.
She always remember the day when she left me.
The teacher does not understand the reason why the students left his lesson. 
  • Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency indicate answer the question how often? They are: Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never
Example:
The students is ESOL 98 always study very hard.
They rarely forget to do their homework.
    
NOTE:
Generally, these adverbs come before the verb; however there is an exception. In the case of the verb to be, the adverb of frequency comes after the verb. 
For example:
Azra is always on time for class.

Reference/source:

Aart, Flor. and Aart, Jan. 1982. English Syntactic Structures, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1989.Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey ; Prentice Hall Regents.

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English, Prentice Hall. Inc., New York.

Hornby, S. A. 1975. Guide to Pattern and Usage in English, Second Edition, Oxford University Press.

Stockwell, Robert and Minkova, Donka. 2001. English Words History and Structure. New York. Cambridge University Press.

Swan, Michael.1995, Practical English Usage, Low Price Edition, Oxford; The English Language Book Society and Oxford University Press.

Vince, Michael. 2007. Macmillan English Grammar in Context Intermediate. Thailand. Macmillan publisher.

Vince, Michael. 2008. Macmillan English Grammar in Context Advance. Thailand. Macmillan publisher.

Whison, George E, 1980. Let’s Write English. United States of America. Litton Educational Publishing.

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