Parts of Speech is?

PART OF SPEECH
(WORD CLASSES)

Parts of speech is the basic type of words that English has. Most of Grammarians state that parts of speech is the component of sentence. 

Parts of speech is also called word classes. There are eight parts of speech or word classes. Those are  Verb, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections.

💘VERBS💘

Verb is a word that generally expresses an action or a state. There are several classifications of verb. Those are Predicating & Linking verb, Form of Verbs, Ordinary & Auxiliary verbs, and Transitive & Intransitive.
Verb is the most important part of speech because it is one of central parts of speech to form the sentence.

🔈 Predicating and Linking Verbs

Predicating and linking verbs are verbs that are classified on the complement or no complement used. 

1. Predicating Verbs

   Predicating verbs are verbs that are classified with no complement. They don't have any complement of subject. it means that without complement the sentence is complete. 

   eg.  The children are playing in the yard. or The children are studying Economics.

   the word "Playing and studying" above doesn't need the complement to complete the sentence.

2.  Linking Verbs

   Linking verbs are verbs that are classified with the complement used. the complement used is called subjective complement. subjective complement is complement that complete the subject. linking verb without the complement is not complete. complements commonly used are adjective, noun, and adverb.

   eg. The children look hungry. or The children are the students. or The children are in the yard.

   The word "look and are" above

🔈 Form of Verbs

Verbs based on the form are divided into three kinds of verb forms. those are Present form, past form, and participle form.

• Present form. 

Present form of the verbs in English can have three forms Present form of the verbs in English can have three forms:

1. the base form: go, see, talk, study, etc. (For example; They study Mathematics)
2. the base form plus 's'  (or 'es') for 3rd person singular or we call additional infinitive: goes, sees, asks, studies, etc. (For example; John goes to school. Betty sees a bird. Billy talks a lot.)

• Past form.

The past form is the form used to show the simple past tense.

for example; They studied Mathematics. John went to school. etc

• Participle form.

Participle form of the verbs in English can have three forms:

1. Present Participle: Going, seeing, talking, studying, etc. (for example; They are studying Mathematics)
2. Past Participle: Gone, seen, talked, studied, etc. (for example; They have studied Mathematics)

🔈 Ordinary and Auxiliary Verbs

• Ordinary

Ordinary verb or main verb is a verb that must be in a sentence. it is a main part of a sentence.

(for example; they study hard. you finished the task. She cooks the rice.)

the words "study, finished, cooks" are ordinary verbs.

• Auxiliary

Auxiliary verb or helping verb is a verb that serve as support to the main verb. Auxiliary is divided into two categories. those are primary and modal auxiliary.

Primary auxiliary is auxiliary verbs that have no meaning in a sentence. they just help the sentence to create the tenses.

(for example; they do not go to the school. We are playing in the yard. You have finished the task.)

the words "do, are, and have" above are auxiliary verbs, primary auxiliary. they do not have the real meaning.

the most common auxiliary verbs are:

have, has, had

Do, Does, Did

Be, Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Being, Been

Modal auxiliary is auxiliary verbs that have meaning in a sentence. they help the sentence give the additional meaning.

(for example; they can go to the school. we should play in the yard. You must finish the task.)

the words "can, should, must" above are auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliary. they have real meaning or they give additional meaning.

the most common auxiliary verbs are:

Will, Would, Shall, Should, Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Had better, Would rather, Ought to

🔈 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

• Transitive Verbs require a direct object in order to make sense.

For Example: Yolanda takes aspirin for her headaches.

Here, takes is a transitive verb since the sentence,Yolanda takes, has no meaning without its direct object aspirin.
 

• Intransitive Verbs do not need direct objects to make them meaningful. 

 For Example: Julio swims. 

The verb swim has meaning for the reader without an object.

Caution: A verb can be either transitive or intransitive depending on its context. 

For Example: 

The cars race. – Here, race is intransitive. It does not need an object.
My father races horses. – Here, races is transitive. It requires the object horses in order to make sense.

🔈 Verbs can be phrasal. 

Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and a preposition. The preposition gives the verb a different meaning than it would have by itself. For example, the verb look has a different meaning from the phrasal verb look up (in the dictionary).

Some more examples: call up, find out, hand in, make up, put off, turn on, write up
 
 

💘NOUNS💘

A noun is a word used to name something: a person/animal, a place, a thing, or an idea. For example, all of the following are nouns.

• Leah, Ignacio, Lan, Marek
• Japan, Venezuela, Atlanta, Kroger, the Gap
• pencil, store, music, air
• biology, theory of Relativity, Pythagorean theory

💯 Nouns are classified in several ways. Those are....: 

🔈 Nouns can be singular or plural.

Singular nouns name only one person, place, thing or idea.

For Example: One apple, a pencil, the book

Plural nouns name two or more persons, places, things or ideas. Most singular nouns (Not ALL) are made plural by adding –s. 

For example, (pencil is a singular noun. The word pencils is a plural noun.)

🤞Exception #1: If a noun ends with the –s, sh, ch, or x like the words, kiss, church, ash or box, then they are made plural by adding –es (kisses, churches, ashes, and boxes).

🤞Exception #2:There are also irregular nouns that do not follow any rules. For example, the plural form of the word child is children. 

🔈Nouns can be Proper Nouns or Common Nouns

Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, things and ideas. A person's name (Leah Graham) is a proper noun, for example. Other examples are names of places (Atlanta, Georgia) and names of things (the Navy). They are always capitalized!

• People’s names and titles- King Henry, Mrs. Smith
• Names for deity, religions, religious followers, and sacred books- God, Allah, Buddha, Islam, Catholicism, Christians
• Races, nationalities, tribes, and languages- African American, Polish-American, Black, Chinese, Russian
• Specific Places like countries, cities, bodies of water, streets, buildings, and parks
• Specific organizations- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), ….
• Days of the week, months, and holidays,
• Brand names of products
• Historical periods, well-known events, and documents- Middle ages, Boston Tea Party, Magna Carta
• Titles of publications and written document

Common nouns are all other nouns. 

For example: cat, pencil, paper, etc. They are not capitalized unless they are the first word in the sentence.

🔈 Nouns can also be collective.

Collective nouns are nouns that are grammatically considered singular, but include more than one person, place, thing, or idea in its meaning. Words like team, group, jury, committee, audience, crowd, class, troop, family, team, couple, band, herd, quartet, and society.Generally, collective nouns are treated as singular because they emphasize the group as one unit. 

For example: The committee is going to make a decision.

🔈 Nouns can also be either count or non-count.

Nouns that are non-count cannot be counted. 

For example: one cannot go outside to have two fresh airs. One goes outside for fresh air.

🔈 Nouns can be Abstract or concrete

• Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be physically held. For example, things like air, justice, safety, Democracy, faith, religion, etc.
• Concrete nouns are nouns that you can touch. They are people, places, and some things. Words like person, court, Georgia, pencil, hand, paper, car, and door are all examples of concrete nouns.

🔈 Nouns can be Gerunds 

 A gerund is the –ing form of the verb and is used as a noun. For example, 
Running is good for you.
Running is the noun/gerund and is is the verb.
My crying upset him.
Crying is the subject and upset is the verb
🤞Note: A noun can fit into more than one of these categories. For example, the noun Angela is a singular, concrete, count, proper noun.
 

💘PRONOUNS💘

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. They eliminate the need for repetition. 

For Example: 

Instead of Emma talked to Emma's child, you might say Emma talked to her child. 

Her is the pronoun. It renames the antecedent, Emma.

💯 There are several types of pronouns.

🎧Personal Pronouns 

Personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things. Personal pronouns can act as subjects, objects, or possessives.

Singular: I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it

Plural: we, us, you, they, them 

• as subjects of sentences.

I, you, she, he, it, we, and they are used as subjects of sentences.

For example, 

She knew the grammar rules very well.

• as object of verb or preposition 

The personal pronouns that can be used as objects are:

Me, you, him, her, it, them
For Example:

• The teacher gave all of them good grades.
• Tommy gave his poetry book to her.
• Then, Azra gave it to me.

Them, her and me are personal pronouns used as objects. They are NEVER the subjects of the sentences.

🎧 Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns indicate ownership or possession.

Singular: my, mine, your, yours, hers, his, its 

Plural: yours, ours, theirs,

For Example: She returned my pencil to me because it was mine.
 
🎧 Reflexive Pronouns 

Reflexive pronouns name a receiver of an action who is identical to the doer of the action or it emphasizes a noun or another pronoun.. 

Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
For example:

Manuela congratulated herself on her good grades.
Here, Manuela is both the doer and the receiver of the action. 

For Example:

I saw Brad Pitt himself at the mall.
Here, himself emphasizes the antecedent, Bradd Pitt.

  

🎧 Reciprocal Pronouns 

Reciprocal pronouns express shared actions or feelings. They are:

Each other 

One another

For Example: 

Yan Ko and Tai help each other with their homework.
Leon and his girlfriend dance with one another when they go clubbing.

🎧 Indefinite Pronouns 

Indefinite pronouns refer to non-specific persons and things.

All, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something

For Example: 

Many believe that UFO’s exist, but nobody can prove it.
No one can be sure if aliens really exist, but only few wonder if Elvis is still alive.
The underlined indefinite pronouns do not refer to any one person. They are referring to people in general.

🎧 Demonstrative Pronouns 

demonstrative pronouns are also considered noun markers. They "point" towards nouns.

this, that, these those

For Example:

I need that.

That is my book.

🎧 Interrogative Pronouns 

Interrogative pronouns introduce questions.

Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What

For Example:

Who is going on vacation? 

 To whom will the teacher give an "A"?

What are you doing?

🎧 Relative Pronouns 

Relative pronouns introduce dependent clauses and refers to a person or thing already mentioned in the sentence (i.e. the antecedent).

Who, whom,  which, that

For Example:
The English that we learn in class will help us pass English 1101.
that we learn in class is the adjective clause that describes English. And, that is the relative pronoun.

  
 

💘ADJECTIVES💘

An adjective modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun. Normally in English, the adjective comes before the noun. 

For example:
The smart student earned an "A".

They also come after linking verbs. 

For example:
I feel happy.

💯There are several types of adjectives.

🎧 Attributive Adjective

Adjectives in the first position - before the noun - are called ATTRIBUTIVE adjectives. 

for example:

A young lady is singing a song on the stage.

(the word "young" is an attributive adjective. the position of the adjective is before noun "lady".)

i met the handsome boy in the park.

(the word "handsome" is an attributive adjective. the position of the adjective is before noun "boy".)

💕When they are used together, they are arranged in a certain order. 

 

Determiner*	Opinion	Size	Age	Color	Origin	Material	Noun
The, This Some	Pretty Tall	Big Thin	New Old	Blue Purple	Puerto Rican	Leather Wood	Sofa
My	Expensive	Small	Ancient	Black	Chinese	Silk	Scarf

For Example:
I saw that tall, thin, old, blue, silk scarf at the store and I bought it.
Leon drives an expensive old Italian car.

💕You wouldn’t ordinarily use so many adjectives in just one sentence.
💕*Note: Determiners include articles, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns and possessive pronouns.

💘ADVERB💘

An adverb is a word that modifies an action verb, an adjective or another adverb.

• The teacher carefully graded the homework.

Carefully is an adverb that modifies the action verb to grade.

• Tommy was extremely enthusiastic about doing his homework.

Extremely is an adverb that modifies the adjective enthusiastic.

• Yan Ko ran out of the classroom very quickly.

Very is an adverb that modifies the adverb quickly.

💯 Types of Adverbs:

🎧 Relative Adverbs 

Relative adverbs introduce questions and dependent adverbial clauses. They answer the questions When? and Where? They are:

When Where

For Example:

I forget the day when he got punishment.

The house where the lady lives is very big.

🎧 Adverbs of Frequency 

Adverbs of frequency indicate answer the question how often? They are:

Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never

for example:

The students in ESOL 98 always study very hard.
They rarely forget to do their homework. 

💕NOTE: Generally, these adverbs come before the verb; however there is an exception. In the case of the verb to be, the adverb of frequency comes after the verb. 

For example:

Azra is always on time for class.

💘CONJUNCTION💘

Conjunctions are the scotch tape of the grammatical world. They join together words and phrases. There are three kinds of conjunctions: 

coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions. 

 
 
🎧 Coordinating Conjunctions
There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English. You can use the mnemonic device fanboys to remember them.
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So They can be used with commas to create compound sentences.

For example:

Ignacio loves to dance, but Rocío has no rhythm.

Kyong Mee works hard, yet she still earns low grades.

💕Note: A compound sentence is a sentence made up of two independent clauses. That is, a compound sentence is simply two complete sentences joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (i.e. a fanboys).

🎧 Correlative Conjunctions 

Correlative conjunctions also join ideas, but they work in pairs. They are:

Both…and..... neither…nor.......
either…or......
not only…but also........
For Example:
Not only am I happy about the grades, but also I am excited that you are learning!

🎧 Subordinating Conjunctions 

Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause to a subordinate clause. That is, they join a clause that can stand alone with a clause that cannot stand alone. Some frequently used subordinating conjunctions are:

after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, since, so that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while.

For Example:
Although the students were tired, they still came to class.

💘INTERJECTION💘

Interjections are words used to express emotional states. They can usually be found in narrative writing, interviews, and in spoken English. They can stand alone. 

For example: 

Oh!, wow!, Ouch! Oops! Hey!
💕Punctuation Note: They are punctuated with either commas or exclamation marks. Mild interjections are followed by a comma, but stronger interjections are punctuated with an exclamation mark (!) .
Oh, we’re late for the movie.
Generally, the movies is not an important destination. Therefore, the person making this statement will sound less urgent than the next example.
Oh! I’m late for work.
Work, unlike the movies, is generally considered a very important destination. If one doesn’t arrive on time, there is the possibility of being fired or of losing face. Here, the speaker will have a greater sense of urgency.

💘PREPOSITIONS💘

Prepositions are words that, like conjunctions, connect a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. Some common prepositions: 

 

About	Before	Down	Into	Through
Above	Behind	During	Like	To
Across	Below	Except	Of	Toward
After	Beneath	For	Off	Under
Among	Beside	From	On	Up
Around	Between	In	Over	With
At	By	Instead of	Since	Without

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. They can act as adjectives or as adverbs.

for example:

Manuela, the student from Germany, wrote an excellent paper on the computer.

 
 

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Azar, B. (1992). Fundamentals of English grammar 2^nd ed. 

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.        

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