Verbs atau kata kerja

VERBS

Verb is a word that generally expresses an action or a state. There are several classifications of verb. Those are Predicating & Linking verb, Form of Verbs, Ordinary & Auxiliary verbs, and Transitive & Intransitive.

Verb is the most important part of speech because it is one of central parts of speech to form the sentence.

A. Predicating and Linking Verbs

Predicating and linking verbs are verbs that are classified on the complement or no complement used.  

Predicating Verbs

Predicating verbs are verbs that are classified with no complement. They don't have any complement of subject. it means that without complement the sentence is complete. 

eg.  The children are playing in the yard. or The children are studying Economics.

the word "Playing and studying" above doesn't need the complement to complete the sentence.

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs are verbs that are classified with the complement used. the complement used is called subjective complement. subjective complement is complement that complete the subject. linking verb without the complement is not complete. complements commonly used are adjective, noun, and adverb.

eg. The children look hungry. or The children are the students. or The children are in the yard.

The word "look and are" above needs the complement to complete the sentence. the complements above are hungry, the students, and in the yard.

B. Form of Verbs

Verbs based on the form are divided into three kinds of verb forms. those are Present form, past form, and participle form.

• Present form. 

Present form of the verbs in English can have three forms Present form of the verbs in English can have three forms:

1. the base form: go, see, talk, study, etc. (For example; They study Mathematics)
2. the base form plus 's'  (or 'es') for 3rd person singular or we call additional infinitive: goes, sees, asks, studies, etc. (For example; John goes to school. Betty sees a bird. Billy talks a lot.)

• Past form.

The past form is the form used to show the simple past tense ( for example; They studied Mathematics. John went to school. etc)

• Participle form.

Participle form of the verbs in English can have three forms:

1. Present Participle: Going, seeing, talking, studying, etc. (for example; They are studying Mathematics)
2. Past Participle: Gone, seen, talked, studied, etc. (for example; They have studied Mathematics)

C. Ordinary and Auxiliary Verbs

• Ordinary

Ordinary verb or main verb is a verb that must be in a sentence. it is a main part of a sentence.

(for example; they study hard. you finished the task. She cooks the rice.)

the words "study, finished, cooks" are ordinary verbs.

• Auxiliary

Auxiliary verb or helping verb is a verb that serve as support to the main verb. Auxiliary is divided into two categories. those are primary and modal auxiliary.

Primary auxiliary is auxiliary verbs that have no meaning in a sentence. they just help the sentence to create the tenses.

(for example; they do not go to the school. We are playing in the yard. You have finished the task.)

the words "do, are, and have" above are auxiliary verbs, primary auxiliary. they do not have the real meaning.

the most common auxiliary verbs are:

have, has, had

Do, Does, Did

Be, Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Being, Been

Modal auxiliary is auxiliary verbs that have meaning in a sentence. they help the sentence give the additional meaning.

(for example; they can go to the school. we should play in the yard. You must finish the task.)

the words "can, should, must" above are auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliary. they have real meaning or they give additional meaning.

the most common auxiliary verbs are:

Will, Would, Shall, Should, Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Had better, Would rather, Ought to

D. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

• Transitive Verbs require a direct or indirect object in order to make sense.

For Example: Yolanda takes aspirin for her headaches.

Here, takes is a transitive verb since the sentence,Yolanda takes, has no meaning without its direct object aspirin.

There are three kinds of Transitive Verbs. Those are 1) Monotransitive, Ditransitive, and Complex Transitive.

1. Monotransitive verbs are a subcategory of transitive verbs that take only one object. An object here is named a direct object.

Example:

• The referee ended the game due to the weather.
• He finally finished his thesis.
• She has accomplished her dreams.

2. Ditransitive verbs are verbs that take two objects. Usually, that means the direct object and the indirect object of a sentence, but it can also mean the direct object and an object complement.

Example:

• She wrote me a letter. or She wrote a letter to me.
• He gives her money. or He gives money to her.
• The teacher is teaching us Grammar. or The teacher is teaching Grammar to us.

3. Complex Transitive Verbs (also called attributive ditransitive verb or resultative verb) are verbs that need both a direct object and an objective complement. Complex transitive verbs look like they have two objects But, they act differently.

Example:

• The man called her Baby.
• The judge declared the man guilty on two counts.
• This man had made her happy and made her miserable.

• Intransitive Verbs do not need direct objects to make them meaningful. 

For Example: Julio swims. 

The verb swim has meaning for the reader without an object.

Caution: A verb can be either transitive or intransitive depending on its context.

For Example: 

The cars race. – Here, raceis intransitive. It does not need an object.

My father races horses. – Here, races is transitive. It requires the object horses in order to make sense.

E. Verbs can be phrasal. 

Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and a preposition. The preposition gives the verb a different meaning than it would have by itself. 

For example, the verb look has a different meaning from the phrasal verb look up (in the dictionary).
Some more examples: call up, find out, hand in, make up, put off, turn on, write up

F. Finite and Infinite Verbs.

A finite verb is a 'working' verb with a subject; it can be any tense. A non-finite verb which is also called in infinitive verb has no subject and can't be in all the tenses.

Example:

• Finite Verbs

She works in the office hard.I walked home.We must see a deer.They have appreciated a little praise.

• Infinite/Nonfinite Verbs

I like to get up early at the weekend.Harriet really dislikes cleaning the cooker.She wanted him to wash his hands in the bathroom.

Reference/source:

Aart, Flor. and Aart, Jan. 1982. English Syntactic Structures, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1989.Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey ; Prentice Hall Regents.

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English, Prentice Hall. Inc., New York.

Hornby, S. A. 1975. Guide to Pattern and Usage in English, Second Edition, Oxford University Press.

Stockwell, Robert and Minkova, Donka. 2001. English Words History and Structure. New York. Cambridge University Press.

Swan, Michael.1995, Practical English Usage, Low Price Edition, Oxford; The English Language Book Society and Oxford University Press.

Vince, Michael. 2007. Macmillan English Grammar in Context Intermediate. Thailand. Macmillan publisher.

Vince, Michael. 2008. Macmillan English Grammar in Context Advance. Thailand. Macmillan publisher.

Whison, George E, 1980. Let’s Write English. United States of America. Litton Educational Publishing.

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