VERBS

Verbs are words that generally describe or express an activity or situation. Verbs have various classifications including Predicating and Linking verbs, Form of Verbs, Ordinary & Auxiliary verbs, and Transitive & Intransitive. Verbs are the most important part in forming sentences. Verbs can be analyzed from both morphological and syntactic perspectives. Let's explore these perspectives, the kinds of verbs, and examples for each.

MORPHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

1.      Simple Verbs:

Definition: Consist of a single morpheme.

Example: "Run," "eat," "jump."

2.      Compound Verbs:

Definition: Formed by combining two or more words.

Example: "Babysit" (baby + sit), "proofread" (proof + read).

3.      Derived Verbs:

Definition: Created by adding prefixes or suffixes to a base word.

Examples:

·         Prefixes: "Rewrite" (re- + write), "Unwrap" (un- + wrap).

·         Suffixes: "Modernize" (modern + -ize), "Categorize" (category + -ize).

4.      Inflected Verbs:

Verbs that have undergone inflection to show tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, or number.

Examples:

·         Tense: "Talk" → "Talked" (past tense).

·         Number: "Runs" (third person singular), "Run" (plural).

SYNTACTIC PERSPECTIVE

A. Predicating and Linking Verbs

Predicating and linking verbs are verbs where the verb is classified into elements that complement it or what are called complements.

• Predicating Verbs

Predicating verbs are verbs that are classified into elements that do not require complements to complete the sentence. This sentence does not require what is called a subject complement. The conclusion is that this sentence without the subject complement is perfect or complete and can be understood meaningfully.

example:  

The children are playing in the yard. 

The children are studying Economics.

the word "Playing and studying" above doesn't need the complement to complete the sentence.

• Linking Verbs

Linking verbs are verbs that are classified with the complement used. the complement used is called subjective complement. subjective complement is complement that complete the subject. linking verb without the complement is not complete. complements commonly used are adjective, noun, and adverb.

example: 

The children look hungry.

The children are the students. 

The children are in the yard.

The word "look and are" above needs the complement to complete the sentence. the complements above are hungry, the students, and in the yard.

B. Form of Verbs

Verbs based on the form are divided into three kinds of verb forms. those are Present form, past form, and participle form.

• Present form. 

Present form of the verbs in English can have three forms Present form of the verbs in English can have three forms:

1. the base form: go, see, talk, study, etc. (For example; They study Mathematics)
2. the base form plus ('s' or 'es') for 3rd person singular or we call additional infinitive: goes, sees, asks, studies, etc. (For example; John goes to school. Betty sees a bird. Billy talks a lot.)

• Past form.

The past form is the form used to show the simple past tense 

( for example; They studied Mathematics. John went to school. etc)

• Participle form.

Participle form of the verbs in English can have two forms:

1. Present Participle: Going, seeing, talking, studying, etc. (for example; They are studying Mathematics)
2. Past Participle: Gone, seen, talked, studied, etc. (for example; They have studied Mathematics)

C. Ordinary and Auxiliary Verbs

• Ordinary

Ordinary verb or main verb is a verb that must be in a sentence. it is a main part of a sentence.

(for example; they study hard. you finished the task. She cooks the rice.)

the words "study, finished, cooks" are ordinary verbs.

• Auxiliary

Auxiliary verb or helping verb is a verb that serve as support to the main verb. Auxiliary is divided into two categories. those are primary and modal auxiliary.

Primary auxiliary is auxiliary verbs that have no meaning in a sentence. they just help the sentence to create the tenses.

(for example; they do not go to the school. We are playing in the yard. You have finished the task.)

the words "do, are, and have" above are auxiliary verbs, primary auxiliary. they do not have the real meaning.

the most common auxiliary verbs are:

have, has, had

Do, Does, Did

Be, Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Being, Been

Modal auxiliary is auxiliary verbs that have meaning in a sentence. they help the sentence give the additional meaning.

(for example; they can go to the school. we should play in the yard. You must finish the task.)

the words "can, should, must" above are auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliary. they have real meaning or they give additional meaning.

the most common auxiliary verbs are:

Will, Would, Shall, Should, Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Had better, Would rather, Ought to

D. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

• Transitive Verbs 

A transitive verb is a verb that requires one or more objects in a sentence to express a complete thought. This type of verb transfers the action from the subject to the object.

Example: 

Yolanda takes aspirin for her headaches.

Here, takes is a transitive verb since the sentence,Yolanda takes, has no meaning without its direct object aspirin. 

  

• Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not need a direct object to complete their meaning. They can stand alone as a complete thought or be followed by modifiers that provide additional information about the action.

Example: 

Julio swims. 

The verb swim has meaning for the reader without an object.

Caution:

A verb can be either transitive or intransitive depending on its context. 

Example: 

The cars race. – Here, raceis intransitive. It does not need an object. 

My father races horses. – Here, races is transitive. It requires the object horses in order to make sense.

E. Verbs can be phrasal. 

Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and a preposition. The preposition gives the verb a different meaning than it would have by itself. 

Example:

The verb look has a different meaning from the phrasal verb look up (in the dictionary).
Some more examples: call up, find out, hand in, make up, put off, turn on, write up 

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